The study was conducted by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, the Canada West Foundation, the Mowat Centre, the Centre d’analyse politique sur la constitution et le fédéralisme, the Institute for Research on Public Policy, and the Brian Mulroney Institute of Government at Saint Francis Xavier University.

The survey builds on research conducted over the past several decades, including Environics’ Focus Canada, and the “Portraits of Canada” studies conducted by the Centre for Research and Information in Canada (CRIC).

Three in 5 Canadians believe that people in all regions of the country share the same values. Two-thirds have confidence in the ability of Canadians to resolve their differences (figure 1). And 7 in 10 see federalism as the best system for a country as diverse as Canada.

Figure 1
Confidence in Canadians’ ability to resolve their internal differences, provinces and regions, 2019 (%)

Underneath this veneer of good feelings, however, there are several findings that serve as a wake-up call. The degree of frustration in Alberta is unprecedented: the proportion of Albertans who say that their province does not get the respect it deserves (figure 2) or has less than its fair share of influence on federal decision-making is at an all-time high. And the proportion of Albertans and Saskatchewanians who say that their region gets so few benefits from Canada that they should go it on their own has doubled over the past decade (figure 3), in 2019 passing the 50 percent mark for the first time.

Figure 2
Estimez-vous que votre province (ou votre territoire) est traitée avec le respect qu’elle (ou il) mérite ? (%)

Figure 3
Western Canada gets so few benefits that it may as well go on its own, western provinces, 1987 – 2019

Although the rise in alienation in these two western provinces is of concern, it comes at a time when the issue of sovereignty in Quebec has dropped from view. The diminished electoral fortunes of both the Parti Québécois and the Bloc Québécois notwithstanding, however, the situation in Quebec is more one of continuity than of change. Fewer than 1 in 4 Quebecers identify as mainly federalist (figure 4), and there has been no increase in the proportion of Quebecers who agree that sovereignty is an idea whose time has passed. And more francophone Quebecers are worried about the security of the French language today than in the early 2000s.

Figure 4
Identify as a federalist or sovereigntist? 2002 – 19, Quebec (%)

As we sort through this mix of contrasting opinions, the picture the survey paints is one of complexity. For every province – such as Alberta – that has grown more dissatisfied with confederation, there is another – like Alberta’s neighbour British Columbia – that has grown more content. Atlantic Canada combines one of the most aggrieved provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador) with one of the least aggrieved (Prince Edward Island), while trends in neighbouring New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are also heading in opposite directions. This divergence is also found in the North: as the mood in the Northwest Territories sours, that in neighbouring Yukon improves.

Nothing illustrates this complexity more than our mix of identities. Few Canadians identify either as only Canadian or only resident of their province – 3 in 4 hold to an identity that combines Canadian and provincial elements. The same is true of the country’s Indigenous peoples: 3 in 4 identify as both Indigenous and Canadian, rather than only one or the other (figure 5). And while the country remains an important part of Canadians’ sense of their personal identity, other aspects of identity, such as language, ethnicity and gender, have grown relatively more important over time.

Figure 5
Identify as Canadian or Indigenous? Indigenous peoples, 2019 (%)

Against this backdrop of layered identities and divergent experiences of how the country is working, it is worth remembering that we have a unique constitutional structure that has stood us well for a long time. Even so, it is more important now than ever that Canadians listen to and learn from one another. Perennial grievances need to be addressed, as a younger generation of Canadians with no memory of referendums and constitutional mega-deals comes of age with new agendas that must be considered.

Most Canadians are confident that we can resolve our differences. Let’s hope we can find the right policies and the right spirit to show they are right.

Detailed survey results are available here.

Published by Policy Options